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docs/censorship/_category_.json

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+{
+  "label": "Censorship 101",
+  "position": 2,
+  "link": {
+    "type": "generated-index",
+    "description": "Understand the most important censorship and circumvention concepts."
+  }
+}

docs/censorship/history.mdx

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+---
+sidebar_position: 10
+---
+
+# The Context
+
+Censorship has been a tool for controlling information and suppressing dissent throughout history. It is often employed
+by authoritarian regimes to maintain power and control over their populations. The roots of censorship can be traced
+back to ancient civilizations, where rulers sought to suppress dissenting voices and control the narrative surrounding
+their reigns, through to recent history and the modern day:
+
+- **Ancient Rome**: Emperor Augustus, who reigned from 27 BCE to 14 CE, implemented strict controls over literature to
+  promote his image.[^1] From around 29 BC "the explosion in the number of Augustan portraits attests a concerted
+  propaganda campaign aimed at dominating all aspects of civil, religious, economic and military life with Augustus's
+  person."[^2]
+- **Middle Ages**: The Catholic Church worked to suppress novel ideas, including heliocentrism, by banning books and
+  punishing dissenters.[^3] The first _Index Librorum Prohibitorum_ was published in 1559 by the Sacred Congregation of
+  the Roman Inquisition.[^4] The final index was published in 1948. While it was abolished in 1966, the official
+  gazette of the Holy See published, from Pope Paul VI, that the index "retains its moral force despite its
+  dissolution".
+
+<figure style={{"text-align": "center"}}>
+    <img src="/img/censorship/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum.jpg" style={{"max-width": "100%", "max-height": "500px"}} />
+    <figcaption style={{"font-weight": "bold"}}>
+        The master title page of Index Librorum Prohibitorum (in Venice, 1564).
+        Credit: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum_1.jpg">Wikipedia</a>.
+    </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+- **Russian Empire**: Censorship was systematically developed by the tsars late in the eighteenth century, partly as a
+  frightened response to the excesses of the French Revolution. From 1976 the government set up censorship committees to
+  determine which foreign books may be allowed to enter the country.[^5]
+- **Nazi Germany**: The Nazi party used extreme measures to control information, including media monopolisation. During
+  the first weeks of 1933, the Nazi regime deployed the radio, press, and newsreels to stoke fears of a pending
+  "Communist uprising". By 1944, the newspapers that remained operated in strict compliance with government press laws
+  and published material only in accordance with directives issued by the Ministry of Propaganda.[^6]
+- **Arab Spring**: During the Arab Spring, from 2010 to 2012, governments across the Middle East employed extensive
+  censorship measures to suppress dissent and control the narrative surrounding protests.[^7] For instance, the Egyptian
+  government initially blocked access to social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, and later cut off all
+  internet access nationwide to stifle communication among protesters.[^8]
+
+The [Open Observatory of Network Interference](https://ooni.org/) (OONI) is dedicated to measuring internet censorship
+and promoting transparency in online communications. Their 2024 report on Russia[^9] highlights the systematic
+suppression of independent media between September 2023 and September 2024. Key findings indicate a significant increase
+in censorship efforts, including widespread blocking of news websites and the restriction of access to independent
+journalism, reflecting a growing trend of media control aimed at stifling dissent and limiting public discourse.
+
+[Reporters Without Borders](https://rsf.org/en) (RSF) is an organization focused on defending press freedom globally.
+The 2025 World Press Freedom Index (WPFI) indicates that economic fragility has emerged as the primary threat to press
+freedom, affecting numerous countries.[^10] The report highlights a significant increase in censorship and violence
+against journalists, particularly in regions facing economic instability, which has further compromised the ability of
+the media to operate independently and effectively.
+
+<figure style={{"text-align": "center"}}>
+    <img src="/img/censorship/wpfi_2025.png" style={{"max-width": "100%", "max-height": "500px"}} />
+    <figcaption style={{"font-weight": "bold"}}>
+        In 2025, the conditions for journalism are poor in half the world’s countries.
+        Credit: <a href="https://public.flourish.studio/visualisation/22640582/">Reporters Without Borders</a>.
+    </figcaption>
+</figure>
+
+[^1]: Rudich, V. (2006). Navigating the Uncertain: Literature and Censorship in the Early Roman Empire. _Arion: A
+Journal of Humanities and the Classics_, _14_(1), 7–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/29737288
+
+[^2]: Walker, S., & Burnett, A. (1981). _The image of Augustus_. British Museum Publications. ISBN 978-0-7141-1270-1.
+
+[^3]: Fabio Blasutto, David de la Croix, Catholic Censorship and the Demise of Knowledge Production in Early Modern
+Italy, _The Economic Journal_, Volume 133, Issue 656, November 2023, Pages
+2899–2924, [https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead053](https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uead053)
+
+[^4]: Brown, H. F. (1907). _Studies in the history of Venice_ (p. 70). New York, NY: E.P. Dutton and Company.
+
+[^5]: Rogers, A. R. (1973). Censorship and Libraries in the Soviet Union. _Journal of Library History, Philosophy, and
+Comparative Librarianship_, _8_(1), 22–29. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25540391
+
+[^6]: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. "The Press in the Third
+Reich". https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-press-in-the-third-reich. Accessed on 19th May 2025.
+
+[^7]: Al Jazeera. (2021, January 27). _The social media myth about the Arab
+Spring_. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/1/27/the-social-media-myth-about-the-arab-spring. Accessed 19th May 2025.
+
+[^8]: Time for the People. (2020, December 17). _What happened to the internet since the Arab
+Spring?_ https://timep.org/2020/12/17/from-free-space-to-a-tool-of-oppression-what-happened-to-the-internet-since-the-arab-spring/.
+Accessed 19th May 2025.
+
+[^9]: Open Observatory of Network Interference. (2024). _The systematic suppression of independent media in
+Russia_. https://ooni.org/post/2024-russia-report/. Accessed on 19th May 2025.
+
+[^10]: Reporters Without Borders. (2025). _RSF World Press Freedom Index 2025: Economic fragility a leading threat to
+press freedom_. https://rsf.org/en/rsf-world-press-freedom-index-2025-economic-fragility-leading-threat-press-freedom.
+Accessed 19th May 2025.

docs/censorship/ladder.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 20
+draft: true
+---
+
+# The Ladder
+
+:::info[Todo]
+Write text.
+:::

docs/censorship/techniques.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 30
+draft: true
+---
+
+# Building Blocks
+
+Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information.
+This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or “inconvenient”.
+Regardless of the reasons for censorship, the technical measures taken to implement it often look the same.
+*jasima.app* provides a toolkit for circumventing censorship of Internet resources.
+The circumvention methods available will often use collateral freedom, fingerprint resistance, probe resistance, or
+combinations of these and more, to counter the measures put in place by the censor.
+
+## Collateral Freedom
+
+Collateral freedom is an anti-censorship strategy that attempts to make it economically prohibitive for censors to block an Internet resource.
+The way in which a censor restricts access to resources will require knowing which content to block and which to allow.
+It’s incredibly difficult to achieve accuracy with filtering as the Internet is comprised of untagged free-form content that must be categorised at speed.
+This results in either over-blocking or under-blocking, and neither of these are desirable properties for the censor.
+
+This can be exploited by circumvention systems by deploying solutions at places that are “too big to block”, like cloud providers.
+Either encryption or constantly rotating identifiers are then used to prevent censors from identifying requests for censored information that is hosted among other content.
+This forces censors to either allow access to the censored information or take down entire services.
+
+:::info[Todo]
+Difference between unique and global endpoints.
+:::
+
+## Fingerprint Resistance
+
+Fingerprint Resistance, also known as Traffic Obfuscation, is an anti-censorship strategy that attempts to make it difficult to identify the destination, parties, and content of Internet traffic.
+This is more commonly used for general censorship circumvention solutions rather than means of accessing specific resources.
+There is a long tail of types of traffic on the Internet, including critical infrastructure communications like industrial control systems, point-of-sale systems and security systems.
+This can be exploited by circumvention systems by making their traffic look like one of these unclassified systems.
+Not being able to accurately identify the traffic means that the cost of blocking access is unknown, and so it is more difficult for a censor to justify the block.
+
+## Probe Resistance
+
+:::info[Todo]
+Write text.
+:::

docs/intro.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 1
+draft: true
+---
+
+# Introduction