Optimize PrevEventIDs when getting thousands of backwards extremeties (#3308)

Changes how many `PrevEventIDs` we send to other servers when
backfilling, capped to 100 events.

Unsure about how representative this benchmark is..
```
goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/matrix-org/dendrite/roomserver/api
cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-7700HQ CPU @ 2.80GHz
                            │    old.txt     │               new.txt               │
                            │     sec/op     │   sec/op     vs base                │
PrevEventIDs/Original1-8         264.9n ± 5%   237.4n ± 7%  -10.36% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original10-8        3.101µ ± 4%   1.590µ ± 2%  -48.72% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original100-8       44.32µ ± 2%   12.80µ ± 4%  -71.11% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original500-8     263.835µ ± 4%   7.907µ ± 4%  -97.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original1000-8    578.798µ ± 2%   7.620µ ± 2%  -98.68% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original2000-8   1272.039µ ± 2%   8.241µ ± 9%  -99.35% (p=0.000 n=10)
geomean                          43.81µ        3.659µ       -91.65%

                            │    old.txt     │               new.txt                │
                            │      B/op      │     B/op      vs base                │
PrevEventIDs/Original1-8          72.00 ± 0%     48.00 ± 0%  -33.33% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original10-8        1512.0 ± 0%     500.0 ± 0%  -66.93% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original100-8     11.977Ki ± 0%   7.023Ki ± 0%  -41.36% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original500-8     67.227Ki ± 0%   7.023Ki ± 0%  -89.55% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original1000-8   163.227Ki ± 0%   7.023Ki ± 0%  -95.70% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original2000-8   347.227Ki ± 0%   7.023Ki ± 0%  -97.98% (p=0.000 n=10)
geomean                         12.96Ki        1.954Ki       -84.92%

                            │   old.txt   │              new.txt               │
                            │  allocs/op  │ allocs/op   vs base                │
PrevEventIDs/Original1-8       2.000 ± 0%   1.000 ± 0%  -50.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original10-8      6.000 ± 0%   2.000 ± 0%  -66.67% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original100-8     9.000 ± 0%   3.000 ± 0%  -66.67% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original500-8    12.000 ± 0%   3.000 ± 0%  -75.00% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original1000-8   14.000 ± 0%   3.000 ± 0%  -78.57% (p=0.000 n=10)
PrevEventIDs/Original2000-8   16.000 ± 0%   3.000 ± 0%  -81.25% (p=0.000 n=10)
geomean                        8.137        2.335       -71.31%
```

roomserver/api/perform_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package api
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"math/rand"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func BenchmarkPrevEventIDs(b *testing.B) {
+	for _, x := range []int64{1, 10, 100, 500, 1000, 2000} {
+		benchPrevEventIDs(b, int(x))
+	}
+}
+
+func benchPrevEventIDs(b *testing.B, count int) {
+	bwExtrems := generateBackwardsExtremities(b, count)
+	backfiller := PerformBackfillRequest{
+		BackwardsExtremities: bwExtrems,
+	}
+
+	b.Run(fmt.Sprintf("Original%d", count), func(b *testing.B) {
+		b.ResetTimer()
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			prevIDs := backfiller.PrevEventIDs()
+			_ = prevIDs
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+type testLike interface {
+	Helper()
+}
+
+const randomIDCharsCount = 10
+
+func generateBackwardsExtremities(t testLike, count int) map[string][]string {
+	t.Helper()
+	result := make(map[string][]string, count)
+	for i := 0; i < count; i++ {
+		eventID := randomEventId(int64(i))
+		result[eventID] = []string{
+			randomEventId(int64(i + 1)),
+			randomEventId(int64(i + 2)),
+			randomEventId(int64(i + 3)),
+		}
+	}
+	return result
+}
+
+const alphanumerics = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"
+
+// randomEventId generates a pseudo-random string of length n.
+func randomEventId(src int64) string {
+	randSrc := rand.NewSource(src)
+	b := make([]byte, randomIDCharsCount)
+	for i := range b {
+		b[i] = alphanumerics[randSrc.Int63()%int64(len(alphanumerics))]
+	}
+	return string(b)
+}
+
+func TestPrevEventIDs(t *testing.T) {
+	// generate 10 backwards extremities
+	bwExtrems := generateBackwardsExtremities(t, 10)
+	backfiller := PerformBackfillRequest{
+		BackwardsExtremities: bwExtrems,
+	}
+
+	prevIDs := backfiller.PrevEventIDs()
+	// Given how "generateBackwardsExtremities" works, this
+	// generates 12 unique event IDs
+	assert.Equal(t, 12, len(prevIDs))
+
+	// generate 200 backwards extremities
+	backfiller.BackwardsExtremities = generateBackwardsExtremities(t, 200)
+	prevIDs = backfiller.PrevEventIDs()
+	// PrevEventIDs returns at max 100 event IDs
+	assert.Equal(t, 100, len(prevIDs))
+}